Frontiers in Management Research

Download PDF (461 KB) PP. 108 - 117 Pub. Date: October 8, 2018

DOI: 10.22606/fmr.2018.24005

• Linghao Meng^*
  Faculty of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China

On June 19, 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution 69/292, which decides to develop an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Delegates of most countries engaged in frank discussions, outlining their detailed positions on the definition of MPAs, guiding principles and approaches, scientific criteria for designating ABMTs including MPAs and governance of MPAs. But there are still key substantive questions for the official negotiations to resolve, such as controversial definitions of MPAs, criteria and the governance model of MPAs. In order to cope with these difficulties, intergovernmental conferences should be focused on clarifying the definition of MPAs, integrating existing criteria for designating the ABMTs including MPAs and establishing a global governance model for MPAs. In this process, China should coordinate its relations with all parties, make preparation for designating and manage MPAs in the future.

Areas beyond national jurisdiction, marine biological diversity, marine protected areas, international instrument.

[1] A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2, p1, https://undocs.org/ch/A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2.

[2] A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2, p6, https://undocs.org/ch/A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2.

[3] A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2, p7, https://undocs.org/ch/A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2.

[4] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom2 Final, p6, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25118e.pdf.

[5] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom1 Final, p10, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25106e.pdf.

[6] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom4 Final, p11, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25141e.pdf.

[7] Countries supported this position include 77 group, China, Peru, Caribbean Community and Pacific small island developing states. Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom4 Final, p11, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/ enb25141e.pdf.

[8] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom2 Final, p8, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25118e.pdf.

[9] The EU, Japan, Argentina, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Monaco, Sweden, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico, and the Caribbean Community supported this position. Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom3 Final, p6，http://enb.iisd.org/ download/pdf/enb25129e.pdf.

[10] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom3 Final, p6, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25129e.pdf

[11] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom4 Final, p11, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25141e.pdf.

[12] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom1 Final, p.9, http://enb.iisd.org/download/pdf/enb25106e.pdf.

[13] Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 2. Use of Terms, p3.

[14] Annex I of MARPOL 73/78, Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil and Unified Interpretation of Annex I, p68. http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/IMO-Conventions%20%28copies%29/ MARPOL.pdf.

[15] Resolution A.982(24), p3, http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf.

[16] A/62/66/Add.2, para123, p34.

[17] Mark Douglas Spalding & Lynne Hale, Marine protected areas: past, present and future - a global perspective, p9, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304177859_Marine_Protected_Areas_Past_present_and_future_-_a_global_perspective.

[18] Zhang Xiao, A new perspective of international marine environmental protection: the effectiveness of the Marine Reserve's spatial planning, Social Sciences Abroad, vol.5, 2016, p90.

[19] Framework for the National System of Marine Protected Areas of the United States of America, p8. https://nmsmarineprotectedareas.blob.core.windows.net/marineprotectedareas-prod/media/archive/nationalsystem/framework/final-mpa-framework-0315.pdf.

[20] World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA)，Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas, p18, https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PAG-003.pdf.

[21] The area of MPAs is over 100,000 square kilometers and has excluded MPA of non-full implementation and established by regional organizations.

[22] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom3 Final , p.5，http://www.iisd.ca/oceans/bbnj/prepcom3/.

[23] Earth Negotiations Bulletin PrepCom3 Final, p6，http://www.iisd.ca/oceans/bbnj/prepcom3/.

[24] The database of global capture production, http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/en.

[25] Convention Future Multilateral Cooperation North-East Atlantic Fisheries, Article 3(9).

[26] Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources inthe South Pacific Ocean, article 16.

[27] Anna-Maria Hubert, UN General Assembly Resolution to Develop a New Legally Binding Instrument on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, p1.

[28] Daniel C. Dunn, Jeff Ardron, Nicholas Bax, Patricio Bernal, Jesse Cleary, Ian Cresswell, Ben Donnelly, Piers Dunstan, Kristina Gjerde, David Johnson, Kristin Kaschner, Ben Lascelles h, Jake Rice, Henning von Nordheim, Louisa Wood, Patrick N. Halpin, The Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas: Origins, development, and current status, Marine Policy, Volume 49, November 2014, p7.

[29] Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, (viii), p26, http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/.

[30] Anna-Maria Hubert, UN General Assembly Resolution to Develop a New Legally Binding Instrument on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, p3.

[31] Zhang Lei, Step out of the Opposite Set between Exploitation and Protection——The Flexible Application of Precautionary Principle in the Deep-Ocean Resource Exploitation, Exploration and Free Views, Vol 5, 2018, p94.

[32] Chen Li, Study on the International Legal Bases of Antarctic Marine Protected Area, FUDAN JOURNAL (Social Sciences), No.2, 2016, p162.

[33] Marine Protected Areas in the Antarctic Treaty System submitted by Russia in 2014, p5.